Tuesday, July 10, 2012

How to find the 32 bit / 64 bit Linux?

Command to find the linux installation is 32 bit or 64 bit os?

getconf LONG_BIT

:-)

Tuesday, May 8, 2012

Keep alive/active of a Putty session

Keeping idle sessions active.

Another frustrating problem is induced by the time-to-live of inactive or idle TCP sessions on firewall or switch configurations.

At some companies this is put aggressively low so that TCP sessions that have no activity for 1 minute or even 30 seconds are being dropped.

If you are using an SSH connection over such a network device, you have to take care to send keep-alive packets over your idle session.

To do this go to Category: Connection and set Seconds between keepalives (0 to turn off) to 30.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

You need to load every Solution in Putty.

Steps are :-

1. Load any solution.

2. Go to Connection.

3. Change SECONDS BETWEEN KEEPALIVES from 0 to 30.

4. Go to Session again and SAVE the settings.

Also see my settings from putty. I have no TIMEOUT ISSUE now.

Monday, April 23, 2012

Silent Installation of Oracle Patchset

Sometimes you are tired of doing next-next-next when performing Oracle patchset installation. Luckily Oracle is smart enough to allow you to do silent installation and it’s very easy to do:

[TEST] $ ./runInstaller -silent -force \ 

FROM_LOCATION="/mnt/backup/dba/software/oracle/database/10.2.0.5/Disk1/stage/products.xml" \ 

ORACLE_HOME="/oracle/product/10.2.0/db_2" \ 

ORACLE_HOME_NAME="db_2" \ 

TOPLEVEL_COMPONENT='{"oracle.patchset.db","10.2.0.5.0"}' \ 

DECLINE_SECURITY_UPDATES="true" 

... skippppp ...  

Install successful 

Linking in progress (Wednesday, January 26, 2011 4:58:27 PM CET) 

..                                                               75% Done. 

Link successful 

Setup in progress (Wednesday, January 26, 2011 4:59:18 PM CET) 

.........                                                       100% Done. 

Setup successful 

End of install phases.(Wednesday, January 26, 2011 4:59:24 PM CET) 

WARNING: 

The following configuration scripts need to be executed as the "root" user. 

#!/bin/sh 

#Root script to run 

/oracle/product/10.2.0/db_2/root.sh 

To execute the configuration scripts: 

    1. Open a terminal window 

    2. Log in as "root" 

    3. Run the scripts 

The installation of Oracle Database 10g Release 2 Patch Set 4 was successful. 

Please check '/oracle/oraInventory/logs/silentInstall2011-01-26_04-56-13PM.log' for more details. 

[root@test ~]# /oracle/product/10.2.0/db_2/root.sh 

Running Oracle 10g root.sh script... 

The following environment variables are set as: 

    ORACLE_OWNER= oracle 

    ORACLE_HOME=  /oracle/product/10.2.0/db_2 

Enter the full pathname of the local bin directory: [/usr/local/bin]: 

The file "dbhome" already exists in /usr/local/bin.  Overwrite it? (y/n) 

[n]: 

The file "oraenv" already exists in /usr/local/bin.  Overwrite it? (y/n) 

[n]: 

The file "coraenv" already exists in /usr/local/bin.  Overwrite it? (y/n) 

[n]: 

Entries will be added to the /etc/oratab file as needed by 

Database Configuration Assistant when a database is created 

Finished running generic part of root.sh script. 

Now product-specific root actions will be performed.

And you are done!

Thursday, April 19, 2012

Migrate Dictionary managed Tablespaces to locally managed

Like any other object, the data dictionary manages space allocation to a tablespace. That means Oracle updates the appropriate tables in the data dictionary whenever an extent is allocated or freed for reuse. Oracle also stores rollback information about each update of the dictionary tables.

Because dictionary tables and rollback segments are part of the database, the space that they occupy is subject to the same space management operations as all other data.
This method of space management is called extent management by the data dictionary. These tablespaces are also called as Dictionary managed tablespaces. This was the only option available prior to release 8.1.
In Oracle release 8.1 and above you have an option to manage the space allocation called extent management by the tablespace.

Locally Managed Tablespaces

A tablespace that can manage extent allocation by itself is called locally managed tablespace. These tablespaces maintain a bitmap in each datafile to keep track of the freed or used status of blocks in that datafile. Each bit in the bitmap corresponds to a block or a group of blocks. When an extent is allocated or freed for reuse, Oracle changes the bitmap values to show the new status of the blocks. These changes do not generate rollback information because they do not update tables in the data dictionary (except for special cases such as tablespace quota information).

NOTE: The storage parameters NEXT, PCTINCREASE, MINEXTENTS, MAXEXTENTS, and DEFAULT STORAGE are not valid for extents that are managed locally .

Extent Allocation

Locally managed tablespaces can have uniform extent sizes or variable extent sizes that are determined by the system. Any of the options, UNIFORM or AUTOALLOCATE can be mentioned while creating the tablespace. For UNIFORM extents you can specify an extent size. The default size is 1MB. For AUTOALLOCATE extents you can specify the size of the initial extent and Oracle determines the optimal size of the additional extents, with a minimum extent size of 64KB. That is why these are called system-managed extents.

How Extents are Allocated

Oracle looks for free space to allocate to a new extent by first determining a candidate datafile in the tablespace and then searching the datafile's bitmap for the required number of adjacent free blocks. If that datafile does not have enough adjacent free space, Oracle looks in another datafile. When extents are deallocated, Oracle modifies the bitmap in the datafile.

Create A Locally Managed Tablespace

CREATE TABLESPACE users
DATAFILE 'users.dbf'
EXTENT MANAGEMENT LOCAL
UNIFORM SIZE 256K;

Advantages

Local management of extents avoids recursive space management operations, which can occur in dictionary managed tablespaces.

Local management of extents automatically tracks adjacent free space, eliminating the need to coalesce free extents.

Reliance on data dictionary is reduced.

Notes

Temporary tablespaces that manage their extents locally can only use UNIFORM extent allocation.

For permanent tablespaces the default extent size for system managed extents is 64KB.

The storage parameters NEXT, PCTINCREASE, MINEXTENTS, MAXEXTENTS, and DEFAULT STORAGE are not valid for locally managed tablespaces.

Change normal tablespaces to locally managed

Check extent management of the tablespaces with following command:

SQL> SELECT tablespace_name,extent_management
FROM dba_tablespaces;
TABLESPACE_NAME                EXTENT_MAN
------------------------------ ----------
SYSTEM                         DICTIONARY
TEMP                           LOCAL
USERS                          DICTIONARY
TAB                            DICTIONARY
IDX                            DICTIONARY
SYSAUX                         LOCAL
UNDO                           LOCAL
First change first all dictionary managed tablespaces except tablespace SYSTEM to locally managed with the following procedure:

SQL> execute DBMS_SPACE_ADMIN.TABLESPACE_MIGRATE_TO_LOCAL ('USERS');

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

The tablespace must be kept online and read/write during migration. Note that temporary tablespaces cannot be migrated.

Change SYSTEM tablespaces to locally managed

Before the SYSTEM tablespace can be migrated to locally managed format, you should ensure the following:

The database has a default temporary tablespace which is not SYSTEM

There are not any rollback segments in dictionary managed tablespaces

There is at least one online rollback segment in a locally managed tablespace, or an undo tablespace (if using automatic undo management mode) should be online.

All tablespaces other than the tablespace containing the undo space (undo tablespace or the tablespace containing the rollback segment) and the default temporary tablespace are in read-only mode.

There is a complete backup of the system.

The system is in restricted mode.

Notr, that we already have an UNDO Tablespace. The following query determines whether the SYSTEM tablespace is locally managed:

SQL> SELECT ts# FROM ts$ WHERE ts# = 0 AND bitmapped <> 0;

If 0 rows are returned, then the SYSTEM tablespace is dictionary managed. Otherwise, the SYSTEM tablespace is locally managed.

SQL> shutdown immediateSQL> startup restrict

SQL> execute DBMS_SPACE_ADMIN.TABLESPACE_MIGRATE_TO_LOCAL ('SYSTEM');

ERROR at line 1:
ORA-10644: SYSTEM tablespace cannot be default temporary tablespace
ORA-06512: at "SYS.DBMS_SPACE_ADMIN", line 227
ORA-06512: at line 1

SQL> ALTER DATABASE DEFAULT TEMPORARY TABLESPACE temp;

SQL> execute DBMS_SPACE_ADMIN.TABLESPACE_MIGRATE_TO_LOCAL ('SYSTEM');

ERROR at line 1:
ORA-10647: Tablespace other than SYSTEM, UNDO, TEMP not
found in read only mode
ORA-06512: at "SYS.DBMS_SPACE_ADMIN", line 227
ORA-06512: at line 1

SQL> select tablespace_name from dba_tablespaces;

TABLESPACE_NAME
------------------------------
SYSTEM
TEMP
USERS
TAB
IDX
SYSAUX
UNDO

SQL> alter tablespace USERS read only;
SQL> alter tablespace TAB read only;
SQL> alter tablespace IDX read only;

SQL> execute DBMS_SPACE_ADMIN.TABLESPACE_MIGRATE_TO_LOCAL ('SYSTEM');

ERROR at line 1:
ORA-10648: Tablespace SYSAUX is not offline
ORA-06512: at "SYS.DBMS_SPACE_ADMIN", line 227
ORA-06512: at line 1

SQL> alter tablespace SYSAUX offline;

SQL> execute DBMS_SPACE_ADMIN.TABLESPACE_MIGRATE_TO_LOCAL ('SYSTEM');
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed

Friday, April 6, 2012

to increase Swap space in a linux box

These are the steps to increase the swap size in Linux:

===============================================================================

Please follow the steps:

1. Check how much swap space you already have by typing the command “swapon –s”.

2. Now use data dump (dd) command to create the extra swap file. Command  dd if=/dev/zero of=/extraswap bs=1M count=512

replace 512 with the number of megabytes you want in your auxiliary swap file.

3. Type the command mkswap /extraswap to make our file swap-consumable for the Linux kernel.

4. Now open /etc/fstab and find a line about swapfile that looks something like:

/dev/vg00/lvol1 swap swap defaults 0 0

5. Now, add one entry in /etc/fstab below ,above shown line. Add  /extraswap swap swap defaults 0 0

6. Restart the VM and perform step 1 to see increased swap.

===============================================================================

Hope this will solve your problem. 

Tuesday, November 8, 2011

UNIX commands

Unix commands

Misc commands	File management	comparison and searching	Text processing
Shell and other programming	communications	Storage commands	System status

Misc commands

man,banner,cal, calendar,clear,nohup, tty .

Man ual command.
man man This is help command, and will explains you about online manual pages you can also use man in conjunction with any command to learn more about that command for example.

man ls will explain about the ls command and how you can use it.
man -k pattern command will search for the pattern in given command.

Banner command.
banner prints characters in a sort of ascii art poster, for example to print wait in big letters. I will type
banner wait at unix command line or in my script. This is how it will look.

    #    #    ##       #     #####  #    #   #  #      #       #  #    #  #    #     #       #  # ## #  ######     #       #  ##  ##  #    #     #       #  #    #  #    #     #       #

Cal command
cal command will print the calander on current month by default. If you want to print calander of august of 1965. That's eightht month of 1965.
cal 8 1965 will print following results.

    August 1965  S  M Tu  W Th  F  S  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

Clear command

clear command clears the screen and puts cursor at beginning of first line.

Calendar command
calendar command reads your calendar file and displays only lines with current day.
For example in your calendar file if you have this

12/20   Test new software. 1/15    Test newly developed 3270 product. 1/20    Install memory on HP 9000 machine.

On dec 20th the first line will be displayed. you can use this command with your crontab file or in your login files.

Nohup command.
nohup command if added in front of any command will continue running the command or process even if you shut down your terminal or close your session to machine. For exmaple, if I want to run a job that takes lot of time and must be run from terminal and is called update_entries_tonight .
nohup update_entries_tonight will run the job even if terminal is shut down in middle of this job.

Tty command
Tty command will display your terminal. Syntax is
tty options

-l will print the synchronous line number.
-s will return only the codes: 0 (a terminal), 1 (not a terminal), 2 (invalid options) (good for scripts)

File Management commands.

cat,cd, cp, file,head,tail, ln,ls,mkdir ,more,mv, pwd, rcp,rm, rmdir, wc.

Pwd command.
pwd command will print your home directory on screen, pwd means print working directory.

 /u0/ssb/sandeep

is output for the command when I use pwd in /u0/ssb/sandeep directory.

Ls command
ls command is most widely used command and it displays the contents of directory.

options

ls will list all the files in your home directory, this command has many options.
ls -l will list all the file names, permissions, group, etc in long format.
ls -a will list all the files including hidden files that start with . .
ls -lt will list all files names based on the time of creation, newer files bring first.
ls -Fxwill list files and directory names will be followed by slash.
ls -Rwill lists all the files and files in the all the directories, recursively.
ls -R | more will list all the files and files in all the directories, one page at a time.

Mkdir command.
mkdir sandeep will create new directory, i.e. here sandeep directory is created.

Cd command.
cd sandeep will change directory from current directory to sandeep directory.
Use pwd to check your current directory and ls to see if sandeep directory is there or not.
You can then use cd sandeep to change the directory to this new directory.

Cat command
cat cal.txt cat command displays the contents of a file here cal.txt on screen (or standard out).

Head command.
head filename by default will display the first 10 lines of a file.
If you want first 50 lines you can use head -50 filename or for 37 lines head -37 filename and so forth.

Tail command.
tail filename by default will display the last 10 lines of a file.
If you want last 50 lines then you can use tail -50 filename.

More command. more command will display a page at a time and then wait for input which is spacebar. For example if you have a file which is 500 lines and you want to read it all. So you can use

more filename

Wc command
wc command counts the characters, words or lines in a file depending upon the option.

Options

wc -l filename will print total number of lines in a file.
wc -w filename will print total number of words in a file.
wc -c filename will print total number of characters in a file.

File command.
File command displays about the contents of a given file, whether it is a text (Ascii) or binary file. To use it type
file filename. For example I have cal.txt which has ascii characters about calander of current month and I have resume1.doc file which is a binariy file in microsoft word. I will get
file resume.doc

resume1.doc:    data

file cal.txt

cal.txt:        ascii text

Cp command.
cp command copies a file. If I want to copy a file named oldfile in a current directory to a file named newfile in a current directory.
cp oldfile newfile
If I want to copy oldfile to other directory for example /tmp then
cp oldfile /tmp/newfile. Useful options available with cp are -p and -r . -p options preserves the modification time and permissions, -r recursively copy a directory and its files, duplicating the tree structure.

Rcp command.
rcp command will copy files between two unix systems and works just like cp command (-p and -i options too).
For example you are on a unix system that is called Cheetah and want to copy a file which is in current directory to a system that is called lion in /usr/john/ directory then you can use rcp command
rcp filename lion:/usr/john
You will also need permissions between the two machines. For more infor type man rcp at command line.

Mv command.
mv command is used to move a file from one directory to another directory or to rename a file.

Some examples:

mv oldfile newfile will rename oldfile to newfile.
mv -i oldfile newfile for confirmation prompt.
mv -f oldfile newfile will force the rename even if target file exists.
mv * /usr/bajwa/ will move all the files in current directory to /usr/bajwa directory.

Ln command.
Instead of copying you can also make links to existing files using ln command.
If you want to create a link to a file called coolfile in /usr/local/bin directory then you can enter this command.
ln mycoolfile /usr/local/bin/coolfile

Some examples:

ln -s fileone filetwo will create a symbolic link and can exist across machines.
ln -n option will not overwrite existing files.
ln -f will force the link to occur.

Rm command.
To delete files use rm command.

Options:

rm oldfile will delete file named oldfile.
rm -f option will remove write-protected files without prompting.
rm -r option will delete the entire directory as well as all the subdirectories, very dangerous command.

Rmdir command.
rmdir command will remove directory or directories if a directory is empty.

Options:

rm -r directory_name will remove all files even if directory is not empty.
rmdir sandeep is how you use it to remove sandeep directory.
rmdir -p will remove directories and any parent directories that are empty.
rmdir -s will suppress standard error messages caused by -p.

Comparison and Searching

diff,dircmp, cmp, grep, find.

Diff command.
diff command will compare the two files and print out the differences between.
Here I have two ascii text files. fileone and file two.
Contents of fileone are

This is first file  this is second line this is third line this is different    as;lkdjf  this is not different

filetwo contains

This is first file this is second line this is third line this is different    xxxxxxxas;lkdjf this is not different

diff fileone filetwo will give following output

 4c4 < this is different    as;lkdjf --- > this is different    xxxxxxxas;lkdjf

Cmp command.
cmp command compares the two files. For exmaple I have two different files fileone and filetwo.
cmp fileone filetwo will give me

fileone filetwo differ: char 80, line 4

if I run cmp command on similar files nothing is returned.
-s command can be used to return exit codes. i.e. return 0 if files are identical, 1 if files are different, 2 if files are inaccessible.
This following command prints a message 'no changes' if files are same
cmp -s fileone file1 && echo 'no changes' .

no changes

Dircmp Command.
dircmp command compares two directories. If i have two directories in my home directory named
dirone and dirtwo and each has 5-10 files in it. Then
dircmp dirone dirtwo will return this

 Dec  9 16:06 1997  dirone only and dirtwo only Page 1     ./cal.txt                                   ./fourth.txt ./dohazaar.txt                              ./rmt.txt ./four.txt                                  ./te.txt ./junk.txt                                  ./third.txt ./test.txt

Grep Command
grep command is the most useful search command. You can use it to find processes running on system, to find a pattern in a file, etc. It can be used to search one or more files to match an expression.
It can also be used in conjunction with other commands as in this following example, output of ps command is passed to grep command, here it means search all processes in system and find the pattern sleep.
ps -ef | grep sleep will display all the sleep processes running in the system as follows.

     ops 12964 25853  0 16:12:24 ttyAE/AAES  0:00 sleep 60      dxi 12974 15640  0 16:12:25 ttyAH/AAHP  0:00 sleep 60      ops 12941 25688  0 16:12:21 ttyAE/AAEt  0:00 sleep 60      ops 12847 25812  0 16:11:59 ttyAH/AAH6  0:00 sleep 60      ops 12894 25834  0 16:12:12 ttyAE/AAEX  0:00 sleep 60      dxi 13067 27253  2 16:12:48 ttyAE/ABEY  0:00 sleep 1      ops 13046 25761  0 16:12:44 ttyAE/AAE0  0:00 sleep 60      dxi 12956 13078  0 16:12:23 ttyAG/AAG+  0:00 sleep 60      ops 12965 25737  0 16:12:24 ttyAE/AAEp  0:00 sleep 60      ops 12989 25778  0 16:12:28 ttyAH/AAHv  0:00 sleep 60      ssb 13069 26758  2 16:12:49 ttyAH/AAHs  0:00 grep sleep      pjk 27049  3353  0 15:20:23 ?           0:00 sleep 3600

Options:

-b option will precede each line with its block number.
-c option will only print the count of matched lines.
-i ignores uppercase and lowercase distinctions.
-l lists filenames but not matched lines.

other associated commands with grep are egrep and fgrep. egrep typically runs faster. for more information type man egrep or man fgrep in your system.

Find command.
Find command is a extremely useful command. you can search for any file anywhere using this command provided that file and directory you are searching has read write attributes set to you ,your, group or all. Find descends directory tree beginning at each pathname and finds the files that meet the specified conditions. Here are some examples.

Some Examples:
find $HOME -print will lists all files in your home directory.
find /work -name chapter1 -print will list all files named chapter1 in /work directory.
find / -type d -name 'man*' -print will list all manpage directories.
find / -size 0 -ok rm {} \; will remove all empty files on system.

conditions of find

-atime +n |-n| n will find files that were last accessed more than n or less than -n days or n days.
-ctime +n or -n will find that were changed +n -n or n days ago.
-depth descend the directory structure, working on actual files first and then directories. You can use it with cpio command.
-exec commad {} \; run the Unix command on each file matched by find. Very useful condition.
-print print or list to standard output (screen).
-name pattern find the pattern.
-perm nnnfind files whole permission flags match octal number nnn.
-size n find files that contain n blocks.
-type c Find file whole type is c. C could be b or block, c Character special file, d directory, p fifo or named pipe, l symbolic link, or f plain file.

Text processing

cut,paste, sort, uniq,awk,sed,vi.

Cut command.
cut command selects a list of columns or fields from one or more files.
Option -c is for columns and -f for fields. It is entered as
cut options [files]
for example if a file named testfile contains

this is firstline this is secondline this is thirdline

Examples:
cut -c1,4 testfile will print this to standard output (screen)

ts ts ts

It is printing columns 1 and 4 of this file which contains t and s (part of this).

Options:

-c list cut the column positions identified in list.
-f list will cut the fields identified in list.
-s could be used with -f to suppress lines without delimiters.

Paste Command.
paste command merge the lines of one or more files into vertical columns separated by a tab.
for example if a file named testfile contains

this is firstline

and a file named testfile2 contains

this is testfile2

then running this command
paste testfile testfile2 > outputfile
will put this into outputfile

this is firstline       this is testfile2

it contains contents of both files in columns.
who | paste - - will list users in two columns.

Options:

-d'char' separate columns with char instead of a tab.
-s merge subsequent lines from one file.

Sort command.
sort command sort the lines of a file or files, in alphabetical order. for example if you have a file named testfile with these contents

zzz aaa 1234 yuer wer qww wwe

Then running
sort testfile
will give us output of

1234 aaa qww wer wwe yuer zzz

Options:

-b ignores leading spaces and tabs.
-c checks whether files are already sorted.
-d ignores punctuation.
-i ignores non-printing characters.
-n sorts in arithmetic order.
-ofile put output in a file.
+m[-m] skips n fields before sorting, and sort upto field position m.
-r reverse the order of sort.
-u identical lines in input file apear only one time in output.

Uniq command.
uniq command removes duplicate adjacent lines from sorted file while sending one copy of each second file.
Examples

sort names | uniq -d will show which lines appear more than once in names file.

Options:

-c print each line once, counting instances of each.
-d print duplicate lines once, but no unique lines.
-u print only unique lines.

Awk and Nawk command.
awk is more like a scripting language builtin on all unix systems. Although mostly used for text processing, etc.
Here are some examples which are connected with other commands.
Examples:
df -t | awk 'BEGIN {tot=0} $2 == "total" {tot=tot+$1} END {print (tot*512)/1000000}' Will give total space in your system in megabytes.
Here the output of command df -t is being passed into awk which is counting the field 1 after pattern "total" appears. Same way if you change $1 to $4 it will accumulate and display the addition of field 4
which is used space.
for more information about awk and nawk command in your system enter man awk or man nawk.

Sed command.
sed command launches a stream line editor which you can use at command line.
you can enter your sed commands in a file and then using -f option edit your text file. It works as
sed [options] files

options:

-e 'instruction' Apply the editing instruction to the files.
-f script Apply the set of instructions from the editing script.
-n suppress default output.

for more information about sed, enter man sed at command line in your system.

Vi editor.
vi command launches a vi sual editor. To edit a file type
vi filename
vi editor is a default editor of all Unix systems. It has several modes. In order to write characters you will need to hit i to be in insert mode and then start typing. Make sure that your terminal has correct settings, vt100 emulation works good if you are logged in using pc.
Once you are done typing then to be in command mode where you can write/search/ you need to hit :w filename to write
and in case you are done writing and want to exit
:w! will write and exit.

options:

i for insert mode.
- I inserts text at the curson
- A appends text at the end of the line.
- a appends text after cursor.
- O open a new line of text above the curson.
- o open a new line of text below the curson.
: for command mode.
- to invoke command mode from insert mode.
- :!sh to run unix commands.
- x to delete a single character.
- dd to delete an entire line
- ndd to delete n number of lines.
- d$ to delete from cursor to end of line.
- yy to copy a line to buffer.
- P to paste text from buffer.
- nyy copy n number of lines to buffer.
- :%s/stringA/stringb /g to replace stringA with stringB in whole file.
- G to go to last line in file.
- 1G to go to the first line in file.
- w to move forward to next word.
- b to move backwards to next word.
- $ to move to the end of line.
- J join a line with the one below it.
/string to search string in file.
n to search for next occurence of string.

Shell and programming
Shell programming,bourne shell, ksh, csh, echo,line,sleep, test,cc compiler.

Shell programming concepts and commands.
Shell programming is integral part of Unix operating systems. Shell is command line userinterface to Unix operating system, User have an option of picking an interface on Unix such as ksh, csh, or default sh., these are called shells(interface). Shell programming is used to automate many tasks. Shell programming is not a programming language in the truest sense of word since it is not compiled but rather an interpreted language. Unix was written in C language and thus c language is integral part of unix and available on all versions. Shells, like ksh and csh are popular shells on unix although there are 5 or 6 different shells available but I will only be discussing ksh and csh as well as sh. Common features among all shells are job control, for example if I am running a processes which is searching the whole system for .Z files and output is directed to a file named compressedfiles.

example:

find / -name *.Z -print > compressedfiles
then after entering this command hitting
key will suspend this job, then entering
bg
at command line will put this job in background, entering
fg
will put this job in foreground. Entering
jobs
at command line will show me all my concurrent jobs that are running.
- > will redirect output from standard out (screen) to file or printer or whatever you like.
- >> filename will append at the end of a file called filename.
- < will redirect input to a process or commnand.
- | pipe output, or redirect output, good for joining commands, i.e. find command with cpio, etc.
- & at the end of command will run command in background.
- ; will separate commands on same line.
- * will match any characters in a file or directories. junk* will match all files with first 4 letters
- ? will match single characters in a file.
- [] will match any characters enclosed.
- () execute in subshell.
- ` ` to run a command inside another command and use its output.
- " " partial quote for variables.
- ' ' full quote for variables.
- # begin comment (if #/bin/ksh or csh or sh is entered at first line of script it runs script in that shell)
- bg background execution.
- break break from loop statements.
- continue Resume a program loop.
- Kill pid number will terminate running jobs
- stop will stop background job.
- suspend will suspend foreground job.
- wait will wait for a background job to finish.

Bourne Shell (sh shell).
sh or Bourne shell is default shell of Unix operating systems and is the most simplest shell in Unix systems.

cd; ls execute one after another.
(date;who;pwd)> logifile will redirect all the output from three commands to a filenamed logfile.
sort file | lp will first sort a file and then print it.
alias [options] [name[='command']] will let you create your own commands. i.e.
- alias ll="ls -la" will execute `ls -la` command whenever ll is entered.
let expressions is syntax of let statement.
- let i=i+1 will work as a counter with i incrementing each time this statement is encountered.
for x[in list] do commands done is syntax for for do loop.
function name {commands;} is the syntax of a function which can be called from anywhere in program.
if condition1 then commands1 elif condition2 then commands2 ... ... ... else commands3 fi

Ksh shell (Korn).
Ksh or Korn shell is widely used shell.

Csh or C shell
csh is second most used shell.

Echo command
echo command in shell programming.

Line command.
line command in shell programming.

Sleep command.
sleep command in shell programming.

Test Command.
test command in shell programming.

CC compiler (c programming language compiler).
Since Unix is itself written in C programming language, most Unix operating systems come with c compiler called cc.

Communications
cu,ftp,login, rlogin,talk,telnet, vacation and write .

Cu command.
cu command is used for communications over a modem or direct line with another Unix system.
Syntax is
cu options destination

Options

-bn process lines using n-bit characters (7 or 8).
-cname Search UUCP's device file and select local area network that matches name.
-d Prints diagnostics.
-e sends even parity data to remote system
-lline communicate on this device (line=/dev/tty001, etc)
-n prompts for a telephone number.
-sn set transmission rate to n(e.g 1200,2400,9600, BPS)

Destination

telno is the telephone number of the modem to connect to.
system is call the system known to uucp.
aadr is an address specific to LAN.

Ftp command (protocol).
ftp command is used to execute ftp protocol using which files are transferred over two systems.
Syntax is
ftp options hostname

options

-d enable debugging.
-g disable filename globbing.
-i turn off interactive prompts.
-v verbose on. show all responses from remote server.

ftp hostname by default will connect you to the system, you must have a login id to be able to transfer the files. Two types of files can be transferred, ASCII or Binary. bin at ftp> prompt will set the transfer to binary. Practice FTP by ftping to nic.funet.fi loggin in as anomymous with password being your e-mail address.

Login command.
login command invokes a login session to a Unix system, which then authenticates the login to a system. System prompts you to enter userid and password.

Rlogin command.
rlogin command is used to log on to remote Unix systems, user must have permissions on both systems as well as same userid, or an id defined in .rhosts file. Syntax is
rlogin options host

options

-8 will allow 8 bit data to pass, instead of 7-bit data.
-e c will let you use escape character c.
-l user will let you to login as user to remote host, instead of same as local host.

Talk command.
talk command is used to invoke talk program available on all unix system which lets two users exchange information back and forth in real time. Syntax is
talk userid@hostname

Telnet command.
Telnet command invokes a telnet protocol which lets you log on to different unix, vms or any machine connected over TCP/IP protocol, IPx protocol or otherwise. Syntax is
telnet hostname

Vacation command.
vacation command is used when you are out of office. It returns a mail message to sender announcing that you are on vacation. to disable this feature, type mail -F " " .
syntax is
vacation options

Options

-d will append the date to the logfile.
-F user will forward mail to user when unable to send mail to mailfile.
-l logfile will record in the logfile the names of senders who received automatic reply.
-m mailfile will save received messages in mailfile.

Write command will initiate an interactive conversation with user. Syntax is
write user tty

Storage commands compress uncompress, cpio,dump,pack, tar, mt.

Compress command.
Compress command compresses a file and returns the original file with .z extension, to uncompress this filename.Z file use uncompress filename command. syntax for compress command is
compress options files

Options

-bn limit the number of bits in coding to n.
-c write to standard output (do not change files).
-f compress conditionally, do not prompt before overwriting files.
-v Print the resulting percentage of reduction for files.

Uncompress command.
Uncompress file uncompresses a file and return it to its original form.
syntax is
uncompress filename.Z this uncompresses the compressed file to its original name.

Options

-c write to standard output without changing files

Cpio command.
cpio command is useful to backup the file systems. It copy file archives in from or out to tape or disk, or to another location on the local machine. Its syntax is
cpio flags [options]

It has three flags,

-i, -o, -p

cpio -i [options] [patterns]
- cpio -i copy in files who names match selected patterns.
- If no pattern is used all files are copied in.
- It is used to write to a tape.
- Copy out a list of files whose name are given on standard output.
- copy files to another directory on the same system.
- -a reset access times of input files.
- -A append files to an archive (must use with -o).
- -b swap bytes and half-words. Words are 4 bytes.
- -B block input or output using 5120 bytes per record.
- -c Read or write header information as Ascii character.
- -d create directories as needed.
- -l link files instead of copying.
- -o file direct output to a file.
- -r rename files interactively.
- -R ID reassign file ownership and group information to the user's login ID.
- -V print a dot for each file read or written.
- -s swap bytes.
- -S swap half bytes.
- -v print a list of filenames.
- find . -name "*.old" -print | cpio -ocvB > /dev/rst8 will backup all *.old files to a tape in /dev/rst8
- cpio -icdv "save"" < /dev/rst8 will restore all files whose name contain "save"
- find . -depth -print | cpio -padm /mydir will move a directory tree.

Dump command is useful to backup the file systems.
dump command copies all the files in filesystem that have been changed after a certain date. It is good for incremental backups. This information about date is derived from /var/adm/dumpdates and /etc/fstab .
syntax for HP-UX dump is
/usr/sbin/dump [option [argument ...] filesystem]

Options

0-9 This number is dump level. 0 option causes entire filesystem to be dumped.
b blocking factor taken into argument.
d density of tape default value is 1600.
f place the dump on next argument file instead of tape.
This example causes the entire file system (/mnt) to be dumped on /dev/rmt/c0t0d0BEST and specifies that the density of the tape is 6250 BPI.
- /usr/sbin/dump 0df 6250 /dev/rmt/c0t0d0BEST /mnt
for more info type man dump at command line.

Pack command.
pack command compacts each file and combine them together into a filename.z file. The original file is replaced. Pcat and unpack will restore packed files to their original form.
Syntax is
Pack options files

- Print number of times each byte is used, relative frequency and byte code.
-f Force the pack even when disk space isn't saved.

To display Packed files in a file use pcat command
pcat filename.z
To unpack a packed file use unpack command as unpack filename.z .

Tar command.
tar command creates an archive of files into a single file.
Tar copies and restore files to a tape or any storage media. Synopsis of tar is
tar [options] [file]

Examples:
tar cvf /dev/rmt/0 /bin /usr/bin creates an archive of /bin and /usr/bin, and store on the tape in /dev/rmt0.
tar tvf /dev/rmt0 will list the tape's content in a /dev/rmt0 drive.
tar cvf - 'find . -print' > backup.tar will creates an archive of current directory and store it in file backup.tar.

Functions:

c creates a new tape.
r append files to a tape.
t print the names of files if they are stored on the tape.
x extract files from tape.

Options:

b n use blocking factor of n.
l print error messages about links not found.
L follow symbolic links.
v print function letter (x for extraction or a for archive) and name of files.

Mt command

Mt command is used for tape and other device functions like rewinding, ejecting, etc. It give commands to tape device rather than tape itself. Mt command is BSD command and is seldom found in system V unix versions.
syntax is
mt [-t tapename] command [count]

mt for HP-UX accept following commands

eof write count EOF marks.
fsf Forward space count files.
fsr Forward space count records.
bsf Backward space count files.
bsr Backward space count records.
rew Rewind tape.
offl Rewind tape and go offline.
eod Seek to end of data (DDS and QIC drives only).
smk Write count setmarks (DDS drives only).
fss Forward space count setmarks (DDS drives only).
bss Backward space count setmarks (DDS drives only).
Examples
- mt -t /dev/rmt/0mnb rew will rewind the tape in this device.
- mt -t /dev/rmt/0mnb offl will eject the tape in this device.

System Status

at, chmod,chgrp, chown,crontab,date, df,du, env, finger, ps,ruptime, shutdwon,stty, who.

At command.
at command along with crontab command is used to schedule jobs.
at options time [ddate] [+increment] is syntax of at command.
for example if I have a script named usersloggedin which contains.

 #!/bin/ksh who | wc -l echo "are total number of people logged in at this time."

and I want to run this script at 8:00 AM. So I will first type at 8:00 %lt;enter>
usersloggedin %lt;enter>
I will get following output at 8:00 AM

      30 are total number of people logged in at this time.

Options:

-f file will execute commands in a file.
-m will send mail to user after job is completed.
-l will report all jobs that are scheduled and their jobnumbers.
-r jobnumber will remove specified jobs that were previously scheduled.

Chmod command.
chmod command is used to change permissions on a file.
for example if I have a text file with calender in it called cal.txt.
initially when this file will be created the permissions for this file depends upon umask set in your profile files. As you can see this file has 666 or -rw-rw-rw attributes.

ls -la cal.txt

-rw-rw-rw- 1 ssb dxidev 135 Dec 3 16:14 cal.txt

In this line above I have -rw-rw-rw- meaning respectively that owner can read and write file, member of the owner's group can read and write this file and anyone else connected to this system can read and write this file., next ssb is owner of this file dxidev is the group of this file, there are 135 bytes in this file, this file was created on December 3 at time16:14 and at the end there is name of this file. Learn to read these permissions in binary, like this for example Decimal 644 which is 110 100 100 in binary meand rw-r--r-- or user can read,write this file, group can read only, everyone else can read only. Similarly, if permissions are 755 or 111 101 101 that means rwxr-xr-x or user can read, write and execute, group can read and execute, everyone else can read and execute. All directories have d in front of permissions. So if you don't want anyone to see your files or to do anything with it use chmod command and make permissions so that only you can read and write to that file, i.e.
chmod 600 filename.

Chgrp command.
chgrp command is used to change the group of a file or directory.
You must own the file or be a superuser.
chgrp [options] newgroup files is syntax of chgrp.
Newgroup is either a group Id or a group name located in /etc/group .

Options:

-h will change the group on symbolic links.
-R recursively descend through directory changing group of all files and subdirectories.

Chown command.
chown command to change ownership of a file or directory to one or more users.
Syntax is
chown options newowner files

Options

-h will change the owner on symbolic links.
-R will recursively descend through the directory, including subdirectories and symbolic links.

Crontab command.
crontab command is used to schedule jobs. You must have permission to run this command by unix Administrator. Jobs are scheduled in five numbers, as follows.

 Minutes   0-59     Hour      0-23     Day of month 1-31     month   1-12     Day of week  0-6 (0 is sunday)

so for example you want to schedule a job which runs from script named backup_jobs in /usr/local/bin directory on sunday (day 0) at 11.25 (22:25) on 15th of month. The entry in crontab file will be. * represents all values.

 25 22  15 * 0 /usr/local/bin/backup_jobs

The * here tells system to run this each month.
Syntax is
crontab file So a create a file with the scheduled jobs as above and then type
crontab filename .This will scheduled the jobs.

Date command.
Date displays todays date, to use it type date at prompt.

Sun Dec  7 14:23:08 EST 1997

Df command.
df command displays information about mounted filesystems. It reports the number of free disk blocks. Typically a Disk block is 512 bytes (or 1/2 Kilobyte).
syntax is
df options name

Options

-b will print only the number of free blocks.
-e will print only the number of free files.
-f will report free blocks but not free inodes.
-F type will report on an umounted file system specified by type.
-k will print allocation in kilobytes.
-l will report only on local file systems.
-n will print only the file system name type, with no arguments it lists type of all filesystems

Du command.
du command displays disk usage.

Env command.
env command displays all the variables.

Finger command.
finger command.

PS command
ps command is probably the most useful command for systems administrators. It reports information on active processes.
ps options

options.

-a Lists all processes in system except processes not attached to terminals.
-e Lists all processes in system.
-f Lists a full listing.
-j print process group ID and session ID.

Ruptime command.
ruptime command tells the status of local networked machines.
ruptime options

options.

-a include user even if they've been idle for more than one hour.
-l sort by load average.
-r reverse the sort order.
-t sort by uptime.
-i sort by number of users.

Shutdown command.
Shutdown command can only be executed by root. To gracefully bring down a system, shutdown command is used.

options.

-gn use a grace-period of n seconds (default is 60).
-ik tell the init command to place system in a state k.
- s single-user state (default)
- 0 shutdown for power-off.
- 1 like s, but mount multi-user file systems.
- 5 stop system, go to firmware mode.
- 6 stop system then reboot.
-y suppress the default prompt for confirmation.

Stty command
stty command sets terminal input output options for the current terminal. without options stty reports terminal settings.
stty options modes < device

options

-a report all options.
-g report current settings.

Modes

0 hang up phone.
n set terminal baud.
erase keyname, will change your keyname to be backspace key.

Who command
who command displays information about the current status of system.
who options file
Who as default prints login names of users currently logged in.

Options

-a use all options.
-b Report information about last reboot.
-d report expired processes.
-H print headings.
-p report previously spawned processes.
-u report terminal usage.

M.N.V Sudhakar

Tuesday, July 10, 2012

How to find the 32 bit / 64 bit Linux?

Tuesday, May 8, 2012

Keep alive/active of a Putty session

Monday, April 23, 2012

Silent Installation of Oracle Patchset

Thursday, April 19, 2012

Migrate Dictionary managed Tablespaces to locally managed

Locally Managed Tablespaces

Change normal tablespaces to locally managed

Change SYSTEM tablespaces to locally managed

Friday, April 6, 2012

to increase Swap space in a linux box

Tuesday, November 8, 2011

UNIX commands

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